Urine Test (General/Macroscopic, Chemical, and Microscopic Examination)

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Urine Test (General/Macroscopic, Chemical, and Microscopic Examination) 

1. Objective:
The objective of the urine test was to assess the physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of a urine sample to aid in the diagnosis of renal, metabolic, and systemic conditions.

2. Principle:
The test was based on the analysis of urine through three components:
• Physical examination for color, clarity, and volume
• Chemical examination using reagent strips to detect substances like glucose, protein, ketones, etc.
• Microscopic examination of centrifuged urine sediment to detect cells, crystals, and microorganisms
3. Materials:
• Fresh urine sample in a sterile container
• Urine reagent strip (dipstick)
• Centrifuge and test tubes
• Microscope and slides with cover slips
• Glass rod or pipette
• Gloves

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4. Procedure:
A. Physical Examination:
1. The color, clarity, and odor of the urine were noted.
2. The volume was measured if part of a 24-hour collection.

B. Chemical Examination (Dipstick):
1. A reagent strip was dipped into the urine for 1–2 seconds.
2. After waiting for the reaction time (as per strip instructions), the strip was compared to the color chart.
3. Parameters like pH, specific gravity, glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrites, leukocytes, and blood were recorded.

C. Microscopic Examination:
1. 10 mL of urine was centrifuged at 1500–3000 rpm for 5 minutes.
2. The supernatant was discarded, and the sediment was resuspended.
3. A drop of sediment was placed on a slide, covered with a coverslip, and examined under the microscope (10× and 40×).
4. Cells (RBCs, WBCs), casts, crystals, bacteria, and epithelial cells were observed and counted.

5. Result:
Physical:
• Color: Yellow, clear
• Abnormal: Red (hematuria), cloudy (infection)
Chemical (examples):
• Glucose: Negative
• Protein: Negative
• pH: 4.5 – 8.0
• Specific Gravity: 1.005 – 1.030
Microscopic (normal):
• RBCs: 0–2/HPF
• WBCs: 0–5/HPF
• Epithelial cells: Few
• Crystals/casts: None or rare

6. Uses:
• Screened for urinary tract infections (UTIs)
• Detected kidney diseases (e.g., glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome)
• Monitored diabetes mellitus
• Evaluated liver function (bilirubin/urobilinogen)
• Checked for hematuria or proteinuria

7. Consultation:
Urine test results were interpreted by a physician in conjunction with patient symptoms and history. Abnormal findings required further investigations like culture, blood tests, or imaging.


© Mr Adedeji Adeyanju via WhatsApp 

Comments

  1. It's a secretAugust 15, 2025 at 8:00 PM

    Love this especially that aspect of reacting time as per the kind of strip

    ReplyDelete

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