Reducing Substances in Stool Test

-
1. Objective
The objective of this test was to detect the presence of reducing sugars (e.g., glucose, lactose, galactose, fructose) in the stool, which indicated possible carbohydrate malabsorption, particularly in infants and young children.


2. Principle
The test was based on the principle that reducing sugars could donate electrons to other molecules. In this procedure, reducing sugars present in the stool reduced copper(II) sulfate in an alkaline solution (Benedict’s reagent) to cuprous oxide, forming a color change. This color shift was used to estimate the presence and quantity of reducing substances.

3. Materials
• Fresh stool sample
• Benedict’s reagent
• Test tubes
• Water bath
• Pipettes or droppers
• Test tube holder and rack
• Gloves and lab coat

4. Procedure (Microscopic)
• A small amount of fresh stool was emulsified in distilled water.
• About 5 ml of Benedict’s reagent was added to the test tube containing the stool solution.
• The test tube was then placed in a boiling water bath for approximately 5 minutes.
• After heating, the test tube was removed and allowed to cool.
• The color change of the solution was observed and interpreted based on the standard chart:
o Blue: No reducing substances
o Green to yellow: Trace to mild
o Orange to red: Moderate to high presence of reducing substances

5. Result
• A blue color indicated no reducing sugars in the stool.
• A green, yellow, orange, or brick-red color indicated increasing levels of reducing sugars, suggesting carbohydrate malabsorption, such as in lactase deficiency or congenital disaccharidase deficiency.

6. Uses
• It was commonly used in pediatric patients to diagnose lactose intolerance and malabsorption syndromes.
• It helped guide dietary changes and further testing, such as enzyme assays or genetic testing.
• It also supported the diagnosis of osmotic diarrhea.

7. Consultation
Patients with positive results were referred to a gastroenterologist or pediatrician. Based on the severity, further diagnostic tests (e.g., hydrogen breath test, enzyme activity testing) and dietary modifications like lactose-free or elemental diets were recommended.

Read Also:
Hepatitis B Profile Test

Comments

Post a Comment

You Can Also Read

As a lady how do I make money for myself without asking from any guy

-
Image
According to Medulla medical service, one of the way to be rich in new year is to be an egg Donor. How do I become one To qualify as an Egg Donor Candidate, you must: 1. Be between the ages of 21 and 29 years old Be in good health, physically and emotionally 2. Have a BMI between 19 and 25 (being overweight or underweight can affect egg quality) 3. Have not smoked cigarettes in the past 12 months 4. Have regular monthly menstrual cycles  5. Not currently on Depo-Provera, Norplant, Nexplanon, or any brand of a hormonal IUD  6. Have not travelled to a country or countries affected by the Zika virus in the last 6 months  7. Be willing to undergo a medical and psychological evaluation 8. Be willing to take injectable, medication  9. Be free from sexually transmitted diseases within the last year 10. Have no history of drug use, urine toxicology tests will be completed during screening process 11. Refrain from getting any tattoos or body piercings ...
Read more

Basic Idea About IELTS examination Part 4: Writing

-
Image
The IELTS Writing test is designed to assess a wide range of writing skills, including how well you write a response appropriately organise ideas use a range of vocabulary and grammar accurately Academic Writing Format: Write in a formal style in the IELTS Academic Writing test. In Task 1 you will be presented with a graph, table, chart or diagram. You will be asked to describe, summarise or explain the information in your own words. This might involve describing and explaining data, describing the stages of a process or how something works, or describing an object or event. In Task 2 you will be asked to write an essay in response to a point of view, argument or problem. You should find the issues interesting and easy to understand. Timing:  The IELTS Writing test takes 60 minutes. Spend 20 minutes on Task 1, and 40 minutes on Task 2. You will need to manage your own time, so make sure you move on to Task 2 after 20 minutes. Number of Questions:  2 questions Task ...
Read more

Africa ruled Europe in the 8th Century

-
Image
Eduard Charlemont ,The Moorish Chief,1878 Photo: Essential African Knowledge The word Moor conjures up many thoughts. Due to required Shakespearean reading in school, we may have heard this word used to describe blacks.  But as more facts emerge, we are gradually learning just how powerful the black presence was in olden times. Moorish Empire of North Africa…Afri Asiatic Anthropology Blog The Oxford English Dictionary describes a Moor as, “A member of a north-western African Muslim people of mixed Berber and Arab descent. In the 8th century, they conquered the Iberian Peninsula, but were finally driven out of their last stronghold in Granada at the end of the 15th century.” The Dutch language used the word Moor and Moorian to describe blacks. Today, the wor...
Read more

Madam Efunroye Tinubu

-
Born in the Egbaland of the Yoruba people of West Africa at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Tinubu learned commerce from her grandmother, a successful trader. As a young woman Tinubu married a local man and bore him two sons, but she was widowed following the family’s migration to the town of Abeokuta in 1830. Shortly afterward she met Adele, a deposed king of Lagos, married him, and moved with her new husband and sons to the coastal town of Badagry, where Adele was temporarily recognized as ruler. Tinubu arrived in Badagry at a time when the then illegal Atlantic slave trade was peaking on the eastern Slave Coast. Although her sons soon died, she used two slaves, allegedly a gift from her father, to trade between Abeokuta and the coast in slaves and other commodities. Never again blessed with children, she invested her growing income from trade in slaves and other retainers, beginning the process of amassing personal followers and expanding her commercial operations. I...
Read more

CBN knocks banks for shunning eNaira

-
Image
The Central Bank of Nigeria on Wednesday knocked commercial banks across the country for not promoting the e-Naira launched with fanfare by the President, Major General Muhammadu Buhari(retd.), in October, 2021. The apex bank also explained the operational benefits of its newly introduced eNaira to the public. Officials of the CBN took turns in Kaduna on Wednesday to lecture youth corps members, hundreds of students from tertiary institutions across the state and other members of the public on the eNaira initiative. Head, Development Finance Department of the CBN, Aminu Muhammad, an assistant director, said financial institutions under the purview of the CBN were supposed to play these critical roles in growing our economy. Speaking at the CBN Fair which held in Kaduna and simultaneously in Kano, Muhammad said the commercial banks were not effective in promoting the eNaira. Copyright PUNCH
Read more

Bleeding Time (BT) Test

-
Image
1. Objective : The objective of the Bleeding Time (BT) test was to evaluate the time taken for small blood vessels to stop bleeding after a standardized skin puncture, thus assessing platelet function and vascular integrity. 2. Principle : The test was based on the principle that bleeding time reflects platelet plug formation at the site of vascular injury. Any defect in platelet number, function, or vessel wall integrity prolonged the bleeding time. 3. Materials : Sterile lancet or bleeding time device Stopwatch Filter paper (Whatman No. 1) Sphygmomanometer Alcohol swab Ruler Cotton and adhesive bandage 4. Procedure (Duke’s Method or Ivy’s Method): (Ivy’s Method – more standard): 1. The patient’s forearm was cleaned and a blood pressure cuff was inflated to 40 mmHg. 2. A standardized incision (usually 5 mm long, 1 mm deep) was made on the volar surface using a lancet. 3. The stopwatch was started immediately. 4. Every 30 seconds, the blood was gently blotted with filter pa...
Read more

Nigerian Athletes Living Like Beggars In Glasgow

-
Some of the athletes who will be representing Nigeria at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow are crying over their condition since their arrival in Scotland over the weekend. With the Games set to kick off on Wednesday, delegates from the participating countries are already on ground and could be seen on the streets of Glasgow, especially around the games village, rightly fitted with track suits bearing their national colours. This is in contrast to the Nigerian athletes, who confirmed that they have not been supplied with kits and as a result they are dressed in different colours. Only those participating in the track and field events have kits, from other events they took part in. Others have no kits says, a senior Nigerian athlete at the Games, “it is embarrassing seeing Nigerian athletes in tatters,” he continued, adding “some are even wearing bathroom slippers." “The athletics team was lucky to have their own personal kits from previous outings. Nobody has been supplied with k...
Read more