EAGLES EYE UPDATE

The Bilirubin test is a biochemical blood test used to measure the level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells. 🔹 Types of Bilirubin: • Total Bilirubin • Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin • Indirect (Unconjugated) Bilirubin 🔹 Clinical Use / When doctor advises this test : This test is commonly advised in patients with jaundice, liver disorders, bile duct obstruction, and hemolytic conditions. It helps in differentiating hepatic, pre-hepatic, and post-hepatic jaundice. 🔹 Sample Required: 🩸 Serum 🔹 Principle (in simple words ): Bilirubin reacts with a diazo reagent to form a colored compound. The intensity of the color produced is measured and is directly proportional to the bilirubin concentration in the sample. 🔹 Normal Values : • Total Bilirubin: 0.3 – 1.2 mg/dL • Direct Bilirubin: 0 – 0.3 mg/dL (Values may vary slightly between laboratories) 🔹 Increased Bilirubin Levels seen in: • Jaundice • Hepatitis •...

CRP is a blood test used to measure the level of C-Reactive Protein, an acute phase protein produced by the liver during inflammation. 🔹 What is CRP? CRP is a protein that increases rapidly in the blood when there is infection, inflammation, or tissue injury in the body. 🔹 Clinical Use : Doctors usually advise CRP test when a patient has signs of infection, fever, autoimmune disease, or inflammatory conditions. It is also used to monitor treatment response and disease activity. 🔹 Sample Required: 🩸 Serum 🔹 Principle : CRP in the patient’s serum reacts with specific antibodies. This antigen-antibody reaction forms visible agglutination or is measured by immunoturbidimetry. The turbidity/intensity produced is proportional to the CRP level. 🔹 Normal Value : • < 6 mg/L (May vary slightly depending on laboratory method) 🔹 Increased CRP Levels seen in: • Bacterial infections • Rheumatoid arthritis • Systemic lupus erythematosus • Acute inflammation • Tissue injury / trauma • My...

1. Hemoptysis – Coughing up blood. 2. Hypoxia – Low oxygen in tissues. 3. Uremia – High urea in blood. 4. Lipemia – Fat in blood sample (milky appearance). 5. Culture – Growing microorganisms in lab. 6. Asepsis – Absence of infection-causing microbes. 7. Incubation – Maintaining suitable temperature for microbial growth. 8. Hemoglobinopathy – Disorder of abnormal hemoglobin. 9. Phlebotomy – Process of collecting blood from patient. 10. Buffy Coat – Layer of WBCs and platelets after centrifugation. 11. Antigen – Foreign substance that triggers immune response. 12. Antibody – Protein produced to neutralize antigen. 13. Histopathology – Study of diseased tissue under microscope. 14. ELISA – Enzyme-based test to detect antigen or antibody. 15. Hemolysis – Destruction of red blood cells. 16. Leukocytosis – Increased white blood cell count. 17. Leukopenia – Decreased white blood cell count. 18. Thrombocytopenia – Low platelet count. 19. Hematocrit – Percentage of RBCs in t...

This infographic provides a comprehensive overview of a Complete Blood Count (CBC), a standard blood test used to evaluate overall health. It breaks down the components of blood into three main categories: Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs), and Platelets. 1. RBC Parameters (Oxygen Transport) These values measure the health and quantity of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. RBC Indices (Cell Morphology) These indices help doctors determine the cause of anemia by looking at the size and hemoglobin content of individual cells:  * MCV (80–100 fL): Mean Cell Size. Small cells (low MCV) may indicate iron deficiency.  * MCH (27–33 pg): Amount of hemoglobin per cell.  * MCHC (32–36 g/dL): Concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells. 2. WBC Parameters (Immune Response) White blood cells are the body's primary defense against infection and inflammation.  * Total WBC Count: 4,000 – 11,000/µL ...

Centrifugation is a laboratory technique used to separate the components of whole blood based on their density by spinning the sample at high speed. When whole blood is placed in a centrifuge, its components form distinct layers:⁣ ⁣ 𝟏. 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐦𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐬 (𝐓𝐨𝐩 𝐋𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 – 𝟓𝟓%)⁣ Colour: Pale yellow⁣ Composition: Water, proteins, hormones, nutrients, waste products⁣ Platelets: Small cell fragments involved in blood clotting⁣ Reason for position: Least dense, so they rise to the top⁣ ⁣ 𝟐. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐂𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 (𝐌𝐢𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 – 𝐁𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐚𝐭)⁣ Colour: Thin whitish layer⁣ Composition: Leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)⁣ Function: Defence and immunity⁣ Reason for position: Intermediate density⁣ ⁣ 𝟑. 𝐑𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐂𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 (𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐋𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 – 𝟒𝟓%)⁣ Colour: Red⁣ Function: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide⁣ Reason for position: Most dense, so they settle at the bottom⁣. ...

HEMATOLOGY I 1. Insufficient centrifugation will result in:  A. A false increase in hematocrit (Hct) value  B. A false decrease in Hct value  C. No effect on Hct value  D. All of these options, depending on the patient  2 . Variation in red cell size observed on the peripheral smear is described as :  A. Anisocytosis  B. Hypochromia  C. Poikilocytosis  D. Pleocytosis   3. Which of the following is the preferable site for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in an adult?  A. Iliac crest  B. Sternum  C. Tibia  D. Spinous processes of a vertebra   4. Mean cell volume (MCV) is calculated using the following formula:  A. (Hgb ÷ RBC) × 10  B. (Hct ÷ RBC) × 10  C. (Hct ÷ Hgb) × 100  D. (Hgb ÷ RBC) × 100  5. What term describes the change in shape of erythrocytes seen on a Wright’s-stained peripheral blood smear?  A. Poikilocytosis  B. Anisocytosis  C. Hypochromia...