EAGLES EYE UPDATE

🔸Causes: Hepatitis A 🔸Transmission: Through ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person (fecal-oral route) Disease Characteristics 🔸Acute phase: Most cases resolve spontaneously 🔸Does not become chronic 🔸Prevention: Vaccination provides effective immunity and is widely used Laboratory Testing 1.Serological Tests 🔸Anti-HAV IgM: Detects acute infection. Appears 1–2 weeks before symptom onset and persists for about 3–6 months.  👉A Positive result indicates an ongoing acute HAV infection. 🔸Anti-HAV IgG: Indicates immunity to HAV. Appears after infection or vaccination and persists lifelong.  👉A Positive result indicates previous infection or successful vaccination and provides long-term immunity. Summary : 🔸Anti HAV IgM → Recent infection 🔸Anti HAV IgG → Long-term immunity 2. Molecular Tests 🔸HAV RNA detection (RT-PCR): Detects viral genetic material in blood or stool. 🔸Used to confirm acute infection, especially when IgM is not yet dete...

The ACE test is a biochemical blood test used to measure the level of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) in serum. 🔹 Why is ACE Test done? This test is mainly done to help in the diagnosis and monitoring of Sarcoidosis, a granulomatous disease. It is also useful to check disease activity and response to treatment. 🔹 Sample Required: 🩸 Serum 🔹 Principle : ACE enzyme present in the patient’s serum acts on a synthetic substrate and converts it into a product. The amount of product formed is directly proportional to the ACE level in the blood. 🔹 Normal Values: • Adults: 8 – 52 U/L (Normal range may vary from lab to lab) 🔹 Increased ACE Levels seen in: • Sarcoidosis • Tuberculosis • Leprosy • Liver diseases • Diabetes mellitus 🔹 Decreased ACE Levels seen in: • Patients taking ACE inhibitor drugs • Chronic lung diseases 🔹 Clinical Importance: ACE test is very helpful in monitoring the progression and treatment response of Sarcoidosis. It is not a confirmatory test alone but support...

The Bilirubin test is a biochemical blood test used to measure the level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells. 🔹 Types of Bilirubin: • Total Bilirubin • Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin • Indirect (Unconjugated) Bilirubin 🔹 Clinical Use / When doctor advises this test : This test is commonly advised in patients with jaundice, liver disorders, bile duct obstruction, and hemolytic conditions. It helps in differentiating hepatic, pre-hepatic, and post-hepatic jaundice. 🔹 Sample Required: 🩸 Serum 🔹 Principle (in simple words ): Bilirubin reacts with a diazo reagent to form a colored compound. The intensity of the color produced is measured and is directly proportional to the bilirubin concentration in the sample. 🔹 Normal Values : • Total Bilirubin: 0.3 – 1.2 mg/dL • Direct Bilirubin: 0 – 0.3 mg/dL (Values may vary slightly between laboratories) 🔹 Increased Bilirubin Levels seen in: • Jaundice • Hepatitis •...

CRP is a blood test used to measure the level of C-Reactive Protein, an acute phase protein produced by the liver during inflammation. 🔹 What is CRP? CRP is a protein that increases rapidly in the blood when there is infection, inflammation, or tissue injury in the body. 🔹 Clinical Use : Doctors usually advise CRP test when a patient has signs of infection, fever, autoimmune disease, or inflammatory conditions. It is also used to monitor treatment response and disease activity. 🔹 Sample Required: 🩸 Serum 🔹 Principle : CRP in the patient’s serum reacts with specific antibodies. This antigen-antibody reaction forms visible agglutination or is measured by immunoturbidimetry. The turbidity/intensity produced is proportional to the CRP level. 🔹 Normal Value : • < 6 mg/L (May vary slightly depending on laboratory method) 🔹 Increased CRP Levels seen in: • Bacterial infections • Rheumatoid arthritis • Systemic lupus erythematosus • Acute inflammation • Tissue injury / trauma • My...

1. Hemoptysis – Coughing up blood. 2. Hypoxia – Low oxygen in tissues. 3. Uremia – High urea in blood. 4. Lipemia – Fat in blood sample (milky appearance). 5. Culture – Growing microorganisms in lab. 6. Asepsis – Absence of infection-causing microbes. 7. Incubation – Maintaining suitable temperature for microbial growth. 8. Hemoglobinopathy – Disorder of abnormal hemoglobin. 9. Phlebotomy – Process of collecting blood from patient. 10. Buffy Coat – Layer of WBCs and platelets after centrifugation. 11. Antigen – Foreign substance that triggers immune response. 12. Antibody – Protein produced to neutralize antigen. 13. Histopathology – Study of diseased tissue under microscope. 14. ELISA – Enzyme-based test to detect antigen or antibody. 15. Hemolysis – Destruction of red blood cells. 16. Leukocytosis – Increased white blood cell count. 17. Leukopenia – Decreased white blood cell count. 18. Thrombocytopenia – Low platelet count. 19. Hematocrit – Percentage of RBCs in t...

This infographic provides a comprehensive overview of a Complete Blood Count (CBC), a standard blood test used to evaluate overall health. It breaks down the components of blood into three main categories: Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs), and Platelets. 1. RBC Parameters (Oxygen Transport) These values measure the health and quantity of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. RBC Indices (Cell Morphology) These indices help doctors determine the cause of anemia by looking at the size and hemoglobin content of individual cells:  * MCV (80–100 fL): Mean Cell Size. Small cells (low MCV) may indicate iron deficiency.  * MCH (27–33 pg): Amount of hemoglobin per cell.  * MCHC (32–36 g/dL): Concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells. 2. WBC Parameters (Immune Response) White blood cells are the body's primary defense against infection and inflammation.  * Total WBC Count: 4,000 – 11,000/µL ...