EAGLES EYE UPDATE

Centrifugation is a laboratory technique used to separate the components of whole blood based on their density by spinning the sample at high speed. When whole blood is placed in a centrifuge, its components form distinct layers:⁣ ⁣ 𝟏. 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐦𝐚 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐬 (𝐓𝐨𝐩 𝐋𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 – 𝟓𝟓%)⁣ Colour: Pale yellow⁣ Composition: Water, proteins, hormones, nutrients, waste products⁣ Platelets: Small cell fragments involved in blood clotting⁣ Reason for position: Least dense, so they rise to the top⁣ ⁣ 𝟐. 𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐂𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 (𝐌𝐢𝐝𝐝𝐥𝐞 𝐋𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 – 𝐁𝐮𝐟𝐟𝐲 𝐂𝐨𝐚𝐭)⁣ Colour: Thin whitish layer⁣ Composition: Leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)⁣ Function: Defence and immunity⁣ Reason for position: Intermediate density⁣ ⁣ 𝟑. 𝐑𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐂𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐬 (𝐁𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐦 𝐋𝐚𝐲𝐞𝐫 – 𝟒𝟓%)⁣ Colour: Red⁣ Function: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide⁣ Reason for position: Most dense, so they settle at the bottom⁣. ...

HEMATOLOGY I 1. Insufficient centrifugation will result in:  A. A false increase in hematocrit (Hct) value  B. A false decrease in Hct value  C. No effect on Hct value  D. All of these options, depending on the patient  2 . Variation in red cell size observed on the peripheral smear is described as :  A. Anisocytosis  B. Hypochromia  C. Poikilocytosis  D. Pleocytosis   3. Which of the following is the preferable site for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in an adult?  A. Iliac crest  B. Sternum  C. Tibia  D. Spinous processes of a vertebra   4. Mean cell volume (MCV) is calculated using the following formula:  A. (Hgb ÷ RBC) × 10  B. (Hct ÷ RBC) × 10  C. (Hct ÷ Hgb) × 100  D. (Hgb ÷ RBC) × 100  5. What term describes the change in shape of erythrocytes seen on a Wright’s-stained peripheral blood smear?  A. Poikilocytosis  B. Anisocytosis  C. Hypochromia...

Cholesterol, a waxy substance that builds in the arteries is not completely harmful, despite its reputation for being bad for you. In fact, some of it can even improve your health when consumed in the right amounts.  There are two types: high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). As a general rule, HDL is considered “good” cholesterol, while LDL is considered “bad.” This is because HDL carries cholesterol to your liver, where it can be removed from your bloodstream before it builds up in your arteries. LDL, on the other hand, takes cholesterol directly to your arteries. This can result in atherosclerosis, a plaque buildup that can even cause heart attack and stroke. Read Also: MonkeyPox Overview   Extremely Rare Blood Type Discovered   Scientific Reason Why Body Count Matters  Triglycerides make up the third component of cholesterol and act as unused calories that are stored as fat in the blood. Eating more calories than you burn ca...

Cleaning - Wash glassware with mild soap and warm water - Use a soft-bristled brush to remove stubborn residue - Rinse thoroughly with distilled water - Dry with a lint-free cloth or let air dry Storage - Store glassware in a dry, clean area - Avoid stacking glassware to prevent chipping or breakage - Use a glassware rack or storage cabinet - Keep glassware away from chemicals and extreme temperatures Avoiding Contamination - Handle glassware with clean, dry hands - Avoid touching rim or mouth of glassware - Use a clean, dry cloth to wipe down glassware - Avoid sharing glassware between different substances or experiments Read More: Listeriosis URINALYSIS Urine Formation Preventing Breakage - Handle glassware with care to avoid chipping or cracking - Avoid extreme temperature changes - Use a rubber or silicone mat to cushion glassware - Label glassware to prevent mix-ups Inspection and Maintenance - Regularly inspect glassware for chips, cracks, or damage - Replace damage

 🩺🔬 ♦️ `Blood Tests:` 1. CBC  - Complete Blood Count 2. BMP  - Basic Metabolic Panel 3. TSH - Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone 4. FBS  - Fasting Blood Sugar 5. LDL - Low-Density Lipoprotein (Cholesterol) 6. HDL - High-Density Lipoprotein (Cholesterol) 7. INR  - International Normalized Ratio (Blood Clotting) 8. PT - Prothrombin Time (Blood Clotting) 9. PTT - Partial Thromboplastin Time (Blood Clotting) 10. U/A  - Urinalysis ♦️ `Imaging Tests:` 1. CT - Computed Tomography (Scan) 2. MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3. XRAY - Radiography 4. ECHO - Echocardiogram 5. USG - Ultrasonography 6. PET - Positron Emission Tomography 7. MRA - Magnetic Resonance Angiography 8. MRAA - Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Aorta ♦️ `Cardiovascular Tests:` 1. ECG  - Electrocardiogram 2. Holter - 24-hour Holter Monitor (Heart Rhythm) 3. Stress Test - Treadmill Test (Exercise Electrocardiogram) 4. Echo Stress - Stress Echocardiogram 5. CABG ...

Salmonella  is a genus of bacteria that includes various species, many of which can cause food poisoning and other illnesses in humans. Detecting Salmonella in clinical or food samples often involves a combination of biochemical and molecular tests.  Biochemical tests can help identify the presence of Salmonella by examining specific metabolic reactions and characteristics of the bacteria. Here are some commonly used biochemical tests for Salmonella detection: Read Also: -  What Is The Difference Between Good And Bad Cholesterol? -  List Of Some Medical Tests And Abbreviation - Six Keys Reasons Knowing Your Genotypes Matter Gram Staining : While not specific to Salmonella, Gram staining can be an initial step to differentiate between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Salmonella is Gram-negative. Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar Test : Salmonella typically produces an acid  (yellow) butt and alkaline (red) slant with or without the production of g...

When working with Gram-positive bacteria in a laboratory setting, culture media plays a crucial role in their identification and study. Here's how Gram-positive bacteria interact with different types of culture media: General Principles: Nutrient Requirements :    * Like all bacteria, Gram-positive organisms need specific nutrients to grow. Culture media provides these essential elements, including carbon sources, nitrogen sources, vitamins, and minerals. Selective vs. Differential Media:    * Culture media can be either selective, differential, or both.    * Selective media inhibits the growth of certain bacteria while allowing others to grow. This is useful for isolating specific Gram-positive species from a mixed population.    * Differential media contains substances that allow different bacteria to be distinguished based on their metabolic reactions. This helps in identifying specific species. Examples of Culture Media and Gram-Po...

1. Eyepiece (Ocular lens) Located at the top of the microscope. Magnifies the image (usually 10× or 15×). The lens through which you look. 2. Objective lenses Attached to a rotating nosepiece. Provide different magnifications (commonly 4×, 10×, 40×, 100× oil immersion). Work with the eyepiece to enlarge the specimen. 3. Nosepiece (Revolving turret) Holds the objective lenses. Rotated to switch between magnifications. 4. Stage Flat platform where the slide is placed. Has stage clips or a mechanical stage to hold the slide steady. 5. Stage clips / Mechanical stage Keep the glass slide in position. The mechanical stage allows precise slide movement. 6. Condenser Located under the stage. Focuses and directs light onto the specimen for clarity. 7. Diaphragm (Iris diaphragm) Controls the amount of light passing through the condenser. Adjusts brightness and contrast. 8. Light source / Mirror Provides illumination (built-in lamp in modern microscopes, mirror in older types). Essent...

1. Objective To measure the glucose level in the blood at any random time of the day, regardless of the last meal, for screening and monitoring diabetes mellitus. 2. Principle The RBS test was based on the glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) method. Glucose in the sample was oxidized by glucose oxidase to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide then reacted with a chromogen in the presence of peroxidase, producing a color change. The intensity of the color was proportional to the glucose concentration and was measured spectrophotometrically. 3. Materials Patient’s blood sample (capillary or venous) Glucometer with test strips (for bedside test) or spectrophotometer (for lab test) Glucose oxidase reagent kit Test tubes, pipettes 4. Procedure Bedside (Glucometer): 1. A finger prick was performed using a sterile lancet. 2. A drop of blood was placed on the glucose test strip. 3. The glucometer displayed the blood glucose concentration. Laboratory (GOD-POD meth...

1. Objective To assess kidney function and electrolyte balance by measuring sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), chloride (Cl⁻), urea, and creatinine in blood. 2. Principle Electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻) : Measured using ion-selective electrodes (ISE) that detect specific ions. Urea : Measured by the urease method, where urea is hydrolyzed to ammonia, which is then quantified. Creatinine : Commonly measured by the Jaffe’s reaction, where creatinine reacts with picric acid in alkaline solution to form a colored complex. 3. Materials Patient blood sample (serum or plasma) Centrifuge Ion-selective electrode analyzer Urea reagent (urease) Creatinine reagent (Jaffe’s solution) Test tubes, pipettes 4. Procedure (Laboratory) 1. Blood was collected and centrifuged to obtain serum. 2. Serum was analyzed for: Electrolytes using ion-selective electrode analyzer. Urea by enzymatic method. Creatinine by Jaffe’s method. 3. Results were compared to standard reference ranges. 5. Results (Normal Rang...

1. Objective The objective of the AFP test was to measure the level of alpha-fetoprotein in the blood to help detect certain liver diseases, cancers, and fetal abnormalities during pregnancy. 2. Principle The principle was based on immunoassay methods. AFP in the serum bound to specific antibodies, and the antigen–antibody reaction was measured quantitatively using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence, or other immunoassay techniques. 3. Materials Patient’s blood sample (serum) Collection tubes and centrifuge ELISA kit or automated immunoassay analyzer Reagents: coated microplates, conjugated antibodies, substrate solution, stop solution Micropipettes and tips 4. Procedure (ELISA method ) 1. Blood sample was collected and centrifuged to obtain serum. 2. Serum was added to microplate wells coated with anti-AFP antibodies. 3. After incubation, wells were washed to remove unbound substances. 4. Enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody was added, binding to ...

Great analogy! Let’s use the relationship between husband and wife to explain antigen–antibody reaction in a simple way: 1. Antigen as the Husband (the stranger/problem-maker) The antigen is like a husband coming into the home with unique behaviors, features, or habits. He is foreign to the wife at first (like how antigens are foreign to the immune system). Each husband has unique qualities (just like antigens have specific structures called epitopes). 2. Antibody as the Wife (the recognizer/responder) The antibody is like the wife, who is able to recognize and bind specifically to her husband. Just as a wife is "designed" to know her husband uniquely, an antibody is highly specific to its antigen. She won’t confuse another man for her husband, the way antibodies don’t usually bind to unrelated antigens. 3. Specific Binding (Marriage Bond) The way the wife attaches herself emotionally and socially to her husband is like the lock-and-key fit between antigen and an...

Sperm malformation (also called teratozoospermia) means that a man’s sperm cells have abnormal shapes or structures. Normally, sperm should have an oval head, intact midpiece, and a long straight tail that allows it to swim effectively. When sperm are malformed, fertility can be reduced because they may not be able to swim properly or fertilize an egg. Types of sperm malformations Head abnormalities Large head / Small head – irregular size makes it difficult to penetrate the egg. Double head  – two heads attached, usually non-functional. Pinhead sperm – head too small, often lacking genetic material. Round head (globozoospermia ) – head lacks acrosome, so sperm cannot break into the egg. Amorphous head – irregular, misshaped head. Vacuoled head – head has empty spaces, affecting DNA quality. Midpiece abnormalities Thickened midpiece – may contain excess cytoplasm. Bent midpiece  – affects motility. Irregular mitochondria distribution * – lowers energy supply....

1. Objective The objective of the HbA1c test was to measure the average blood glucose concentration over the previous two to three months by detecting the proportion of glycated hemoglobin in a blood sample. This evaluation provided long-term glycemic control status for diabetic patients. 2. Principle The test was based on the principle that glucose in the bloodstream bound irreversibly to hemoglobin within red blood cells, forming glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Since red blood cells had an average lifespan of 120 days, the amount of HbA1c reflected the average blood glucose concentration over that period. Various analytical methods such as ion-exchange chromatography, immunoassay, or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to separate and quantify HbA1c. 3. Materials The materials that were used included: • Sterile syringes and vacutainer tubes (with EDTA anticoagulant) for blood collection • Microscopic slides and cover slips • Stains (as required for mi...

1. Objective The objective of the RVS test was to study the microscopic details of cells/tissues by using specific stains. The test aimed to enhance the contrast between different cellular components, making microscopic examination clearer and more informative. 2. Principle The principle of the test was based on the selective uptake of stains by various cell structures. Acidic dyes stained basic components (like cytoplasm), while basic dyes stained acidic components (like nucleus). This differential staining allowed the observer to distinguish between different parts of the cell under the microscope. 3. Materials The materials that were used included: • Prepared tissue or cell samples (smears/sections) • Microscope slides and cover slips • Stains (e.g., Hematoxylin, Eosin, Safranin, or specific dyes depending on sample) • Distilled water • Droppers and staining rack • Microscope 4. Procedure (Microscopic) 1. The specimen was fixed onto a clean glass slide. 2. The fixed samp...

1. Objective To assess kidney function by measuring levels of waste products and electrolytes in the blood, such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid. 2. Principle The test measures substances that are normally filtered by the kidneys. Elevated or decreased levels indicate impaired renal function. 3. Materials Patient’s blood sample (serum) Test tubes Centrifuge Biochemical analyzer Reagents for urea, creatinine, uric acid, electrolytes 4. Procedure 1. Collect venous blood sample. 2. Centrifuge to separate serum. 3. Load serum into the biochemical analyzer. 4. Add specific reagents for urea, creatinine, and uric acid estimation. 5. Analyzer provides quantitative results. 5. Result :   Normal Range Urea 32 mg/dL 10–40 mg/dL Creatinine 1.0 mg/dL 0.7–1.3 mg/dL Uric Acid 4.5 mg/dL 3.5–7.2 mg/dL Sodium 139 mmol/L 135–145 mmol/L Potassium 4.1 mmol/L 3.5–5.0 mmol/L 6. Uses Diagnosis of kidney diseases Monitoring patients with hypertension or diabetes Assessing renal damage in dr...

1. Objective The objective of the Complete Blood Count (CBC) test was to evaluate the overall health and detect a variety of disorders, such as anemia, infection, inflammation, and blood cancers, by measuring different components of blood. 2. Principle The test was based on the automated or manual quantification of blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) and the measurement of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices using electrical impedance, light scattering, or microscopy. 3. Materials EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood sample Automated hematology analyzer Microscope (for manual differential) Hemocytometer (if manual counting required) Glass slides, cover slips, Wright’s or Giemsa stain Gloves and PPE 4. Procedure (Automated method) 1. A venous blood sample was collected in an EDTA tube. 2. The sample was loaded into the hematology analyzer. 3. The analyzer performed measurements using methods like impedance and flow cytometry. 4. A peripheral blood smear was prepared and ...

In microbiology, simple biochemical tests can instantly separate major groups of bacteria: Catalase Test Principle : Detects the enzyme catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H202 -> H20 + 02). Positive result : Bubbling (oxygen release). Example : Staphylococcus spp. (positive) vs Streptococcus spp. X (negative)  Oxidase Test Principle : Detects cytochrome c oxidase enzyme in the bacterial electron transport chain. Positive result : Purple/blue color within seconds. Example: Pseudomonas, Neisseria (positive) vs  Enterobacteriaceae X (negative). Why it matters ? These tests are : . Rapid (results in seconds to minutes) • Useful for preliminary bacterial differentiation  Essential in clinical and diagnostic labs for quick decision-making. A single drop of reagent can guide the path toward correct identification & treatment

Please 🙏, at our various duty posts, let us be safety conscious. - Ensure the use of face masks 😷. - Use hand gloves regularly.  - Regular hand washing  - Keep social distance  - Fumigate your work area.  - Regular insecticide can help.  You will observe the rate at which labs are recording MP+ in the last couple of weeks. Vectors such as mosquitoes can cause diseases like dengue, chikungunya and malaria at home or when travelling. Take these simple measures to protect yourself and your family. 

1. Objective : The objective of the HIV test was to detect antibodies, antigens, or nucleic acids of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in order to diagnose HIV infection and monitor its stage. 2. Principle : The principle of HIV testing varied depending on the method: ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ): It was based on the antigen-antibody reaction where HIV antigens coated on a microplate captured patient antibodies (if present), and a color change indicated positivity. Rapid Test (ICT – Immunochromatographic Test ): It relied on antigen-antibody binding producing a visible colored line on a strip. Western Blot : It detected specific HIV proteins using patient antibodies as confirmation. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction ): It detected HIV RNA/DNA in blood, useful in early infection or newborns. 3. Materials : Patient’s serum or plasma sample HIV test kit (ELISA plate / Rapid strip / PCR reagents) Micropipettes and tips Buffer solution ELISA reader (for ELISA method) C...

1. Objective The objective of the test was to determine the total iron-binding capacity of serum, which reflected the ability of transferrin to bind iron. 2. Principle The principle of the test was based on the fact that transferrin in serum bound iron. Excess iron was added to saturate all binding sites, and the unbound iron was removed. The concentration of iron that remained bound to transferrin was then measured. This value represented the total iron-binding capacity. 3. Materials The materials used were: • Patient serum sample • Iron reagent solution (ferric chloride or ferrous ammonium sulfate) • Buffer solution • Precipitating reagent to remove unbound iron • Color reagent (such as bathophenanthroline or ferrozine) • Spectrophotometer • Test tubes, pipettes, and centrifuge 4. Procedure (Microscopic/Analytical Steps) 1. Serum was collected from the patient. 2. Excess iron reagent was added to the serum to saturate transferrin binding sites. 3. A precipitating reagent ...

1. Objective The objective of the test was to measure the rate at which red blood cells settled at the bottom of a vertical tube over a specified period, helping to detect inflammation in the body. 2. Principle The test was based on the principle that red blood cells settle faster in the presence of increased plasma proteins, such as fibrinogen and immunoglobulins, which occur during inflammation. The distance the RBCs fell in a given time was measured and expressed in millimeters per hour (mm/hr). 3. Materials • Patient’s blood sample (mixed with anticoagulant) • Westergren or Wintrobe ESR tube • Anticoagulant (sodium citrate) • ESR stand • Timer • PPE (gloves, lab coat) 4. Procedure (Microscopic/Analytical) 1. Blood was collected by venipuncture and mixed with sodium citrate anticoagulant in a 4:1 ratio. 2. The mixture was drawn into a Westergren tube up to the zero mark. 3. The tube was placed vertically in an ESR stand. 4. The level of clear plasma at the top of the col...

1. Objective : The objective of the test was to measure the levels of key reproductive hormones in the blood to assess fertility status, diagnose reproductive disorders, and guide treatment for infertility. 2. Principle : The test was based on immunoassay techniques (such as ELISA or chemiluminescence), in which specific antibodies bound to targeted hormones like FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. The intensity of the color or light emitted during the reaction was directly proportional to the concentration of each hormone in the sample. 3. Materials: • Patient’s fasting blood sample (serum) • Hormonal assay kits for each hormone (FSH, LH, Prolactin, Estradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, TSH if required) • Micropipettes and sterile tips • Centrifuge • Test tubes and racks • Incubator/water bath • Microplate reader or chemiluminescence analyzer • PPE (gloves, lab coat, mask) 4. Procedure (Microscopic) : 1. The patient’s blood sample was collected ...

1. Objective: The objective of the test was to measure the concentration of different lipids in the patient’s blood, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol, to assess cardiovascular health and lipid metabolism. 2. Principle : The test was based on enzymatic colorimetric methods in which specific enzymes reacted with lipid components to produce a colored complex. The intensity of the color, measured spectrophotometrically, was directly proportional to the lipid concentration in the sample. 3. Materials : • Patient’s serum sample • Cholesterol reagent kit • Triglyceride reagent kit • HDL cholesterol precipitating reagent • Spectrophotometer • Micropipettes and tips • Test tubes • Centrifuge • Incubator or water bath • Personal protective equipment (PPE) 4. Procedure (Microscopic) : 1. The patient’s fasting blood sample was collected and allowed to clot. 2. The sample was centrifuged to separate the serum. 3. For tota...

1. Objective Direct Coombs Test (DCT): The objective was to detect antibodies or complement proteins already bound to the patient's red blood cells, indicating in vivo sensitization. Indirect Coombs Test (ICT): The objective was to detect free antibodies present in the patient’s serum that could bind to red blood cells, usually used for blood compatibility testing. 2. Principle DCT : The test was based on adding Coombs reagent (antihuman globulin) to washed red blood cells. If antibodies or complement were already bound to the cells, the reagent caused agglutination. ICT : The test worked by mixing the patient’s serum with donor red cells, incubating to allow antibody binding, then washing and adding Coombs reagent to detect bound antibodies via agglutination. 3. Materials - Patient's blood sample (for serum and RBCs) - Coombs reagent (Antihuman globulin) - Red blood cells (from patient for DCT; from donor for ICT) - Test tubes - Centrifuge - Normal saline - Microsc...

1. Objective : The objective of the genotype test was to determine the genetic type of hemoglobin present in an individual, especially to identify conditions like sickle cell disease (SS, AS) or thalassemia. 2. Principle : The test was based on the principle of electrophoresis, where different types of hemoglobin (e.g., HbA, HbS, HbC, HbF) migrated at different rates on an electrophoretic medium due to differences in their charge and structure. 3. Materials : • EDTA blood sample • Hemolysing reagent • Electrophoresis apparatus (agarose or cellulose acetate gel) • Power supply • Buffer solution (alkaline pH) • Staining dye • Sample applicator • Capillary tubes or pipettes • Filter paper, gloves, and PPE 4. Procedure : 1. A venous blood sample was collected in an EDTA tube. 2. Red blood cells were lysed to release hemoglobin. 3. The hemolysate was applied to the electrophoresis gel strip. 4. Electrophoresis was carried out at alkaline pH using an electric current. 5. After se...

1. Objective The objective of the Complete Blood Count (CBC) test was to evaluate the overall health and detect a variety of disorders, such as anemia, infection, inflammation, and blood cancers, by measuring different components of blood. 2. Principle The test was based on the automated or manual quantification of blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) and the measurement of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red cell indices using electrical impedance, light scattering, or microscopy. 3. Materials EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood sample Automated hematology analyzer Microscope (for manual differential) Hemocytometer (if manual counting required) Glass slides, cover slips, Wright’s or Giemsa stain Gloves and PPE 4. Procedure (Automated method) 1. A venous blood sample was collected in an EDTA tube. 2. The sample was loaded into the hematology analyzer. 3. The analyzer performed measurements using methods like impedance and flow cytometry. 4. A peripheral blood smear was prepared and ...

1. Objective : The objective of this test was to detect the presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in the stool sample, which indicated inflammation or infection in the gastrointestinal tract. 2. Principle : The test was based on the principle that WBCs migrate to the site of infection or inflammation in the intestine. Their presence in stool suggested an invasive bacterial infection (e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter) or inflammatory bowel disease. 3. Materials Used : Fresh stool sample Glass slides and coverslips Methylene blue or Gram stain Applicator sticks Microscope Dropper and saline 4. Procedure (Microscopic) : 1. A small amount of stool was placed on a glass slide. 2. A drop of saline or methylene blue was added and mixed gently. 3. A coverslip was placed on the mixture. 4. The slide was examined under a microscope under low and high power. 5. The presence and number of WBCs were recorded. 5. Result : Positive: WBCs were observed, indicating inflammation or i...