EAGLES EYE UPDATE

A pacemaker is a small device that's placed under the skin in your chest to help control your heartbeat. It's used to help your heart beat more regularly if you have an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), particularly a slow one. Implanting a pacemaker in your chest requires a surgical procedure. Types of pacemakers- Depending on your condition, you might have one of the following types of pacemakers. Single chamber pacemaker .-  This type usually carries electrical impulses to the right ventricle of your heart. Dual chamber pacemaker -  This type carries electrical impulses to the right ventricle and the right atrium of your heart to help control the timing of contractions between the two chambers. Biventricular pacemaker -  Biventricular pacing, also called cardiac resynchronization therapy, is for people with heart failure with abnormal electrical systems. This type of pacemaker stimulates the lower chambers of the heart (the right and left ventricles) to mak...

1. Why is EDTA used in CBC tests? EDTA prevents blood from clotting by binding calcium, ensuring accurate cell counts. 2. Why is fasting required before a lipid profile test? Food intake can temporarily raise lipid levels, so fasting ensures accurate results. 3. Why is Ziehl-Neelsen stain used for Mycobacterium? Its waxy cell wall retains carbol fuchsin even after acid-alcohol wash. 4. Why is centrifugation used in clinical labs? To separate blood into plasma, serum, and cells based on density. 5 . Why is heparin used in arterial blood gas (ABG) tests? It prevents clotting without affecting pH or gas composition. 6. Why is urine collected midstream? To avoid contamination from external genitalia and ensure accurate analysis. 7. Why should hemolysis be avoided in blood samples? Hemolysis alters values like potassium, LDH, and can ruin test results. 8. Why are blood samples stored cold? To prevent breakdown of chemicals and preserve sample integrity. 9. Why is sodium fluoride...

1. Diarrhea → Ringer’s Lactate (RL) Rationale:   🔴Diarrhea leads to loss of both water and electrolytes, especially bicarbonate, causing metabolic acidosis.   🔴RL contains lactate, which is converted to bicarbonate in the liver, helping correct the acidosis.   🔴RL also closely resembles extracellular fluid, making it ideal for volume replacement. 2. Vomiting → Normal Saline (NS) Rationale:   🔵Vomiting causes loss of hydrogen ions (HCl) from the stomach, leading to metabolic alkalosis.   🔵NS (0.9% NaCl) helps restore chloride and sodium, which helps the kidneys excrete bicarbonate, correcting the alkalosis. 3. Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS) → Albumin Rationale:   🟡HRS is a functional renal failure in advanced liver disease.   🟡Albumin, a colloid, expands plasma volume and helps improve renal perfusion by increasing oncotic pressure, especially when combined with vasoconstrictors. 4. Sepsis → Crystalloids...

Dr. Donald Ofili, Acting Registrar/CEO of the Medical Laboratory Science Council of Nigeria (MLSCN), has urged staff to recommit to the Council’s core values of integrity, professionalism, and service. He made this call during his first official meeting with staff, held today at the Council’s headquarters in Abuja.  Dr. Ofili emphasized zero tolerance for corruption, extortion, and indolence, reminding staff that all payments must be made through the Remita platform, with no cash handling by staff. He also stressed the importance of staff welfare and capacity building to enhance productivity, and announced plans to strengthen zonal offices to improve visibility and public trust. “Let us build a Council stakeholders can trust. Let integrity be our watchword and our compass,” he said. Credit: MLSCN on X 

1. Gram-positive cocci, in clusters. 2. Catalase +, Coagulase + (differentiates from other staph).   3. Golden-yellow, beta-hemolytic colonies.   4. Grows on mannitol salt agar (ferments mannitol).   5. Virulence: Protein A, coagulase, hemolysins, enzymes.   6. Toxins:      - Enterotoxin – food poisoning      - TSST-1 – toxic shock      - Exfoliative – scalded skin   7. Diseases:      - Skin (boils, impetigo)      - Systemic (pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis)      - Toxin-mediated (TSS, food poisoning)   8. MRSA: mecA gene → PBP2a → resistant to beta-lactams.   9. Treatment    - MSSA: cloxacillin      - MRSA: vancomycin/linezolid   10. Normal flora of nose, skin, causes hospital infections. ---